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Flaviviruses Explored: Clinical Characteristics, Vaccines, And The Effects Of Human Activity
Human activity drives the spread of flaviviruses, and further climate
change could aid the spread of these diseases additionally. These
diseases, their clinical properties, their behavior in infected
populations, and human effects on their evolution and propagation are
explored in a seminar in the February 8, 2008 issue of The
Lancet.
Flaviviruses are mosquito or tick borne viruses that can be transmitted
to humans or other mammals, and infection is often characterized
by hemorrhagic disease, encephalitis, biphasic fever, flaccid
paralysis,
and jaundice. Some diseases caused by these viruses include West Nile
fever, yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and Omsk
hemorrhagic fever. Dr Ernest Gould,
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford,
UK, and Professor Tom Solomon, Walton Centre for Neurology and
Neurosurgery and University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK, examined the
available data on flaviviruses, hoping to highlight new findings and
discuss unanswered questions and controversies that exist surrounding
these diseases.
"Although the characteristics of these viruses are
well defined, they are still unpredictable with increases in disease
severity, unusual clinical manifestations, unexpected methods of
transmission, long-term persistence, and the discovery of new species."
State the authors. Each of the above mentioned diseases is discussed at
length in the Seminar.
In their discussion of control of the viruses, the authors discuss
issues involved with vaccination against these diseases. This includes
a current debate regarding yellow fever's vaccination: should it be
reserved for control of outbreaks, or should it become a part of
the Expanded Programme on Immunization in regularly affected
areas. They also relate the success of the immunization campaign in
China in protecting children from Japanese encephalitis, and describe
further funding awarded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
to expand this program into India. According to the authors, additional
challenges are created by dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, as
neither has an available vaccine and is thus liable to spread further.
"A major challenge is to produce a
multivalent vaccine for dengue virus that is effective against the four
serotypes...the
successful development of an effective vaccine for this disease would
be a major achievement." They emphasize that the financial power of
developing countries should be considered for available vaccines, and
accounted for in the development of future vaccines.
Most of these viruses can employ several different types of hosts and
methods of transmission. In conclusion, the authors discuss various
effects that may come into play in the future. "With
increasing temperatures worldwide, movement
of people, increasing human population densities, wider dispersal of
competent
mosquitoes or ticks, and transportation of goods, animals, and
agricultural products, the
continuing spread of these arboviruses into new regions seems probable.
Furthermore, we might
expect increasing numbers of epidemics due to recognised flaviviruses
such as West Nile
virus in southern Europe and perhaps eventually in Northern Europe.
Moreover, Japanese
Encephalitis could spread further west."
Pathogenic flaviviruses
E A Gould, T Solomon
The Lancet, February 9, 2008, Vol 371: 500-509
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Here For Abstract
Written by Anna Sophia McKenney
Copyright: Start Sanatate
Not to be reproduced without permission of Start Sanatate
Flaviviruses explorate: caracteristicile clinice, vaccinuri, ºi de efectele activitãþii umane - Flaviviruses Explored: Clinical Characteristics, Vaccines, And The Effects Of Human Activity - articole medicale engleza - startsanatate